Do sunscreen chemicals cause cancer?
As we move into the heart of summertime, let’s check out sunscreens once again. While many medical professionals including a notible cancer hospital, the sunscreen industry and researchers all purport that the artificial compounded chemicals included and used within sunscreens do not cause cancer, the question remains, do they actually cause cancer? Let’s explore.
Which chemicals are used in sunscreen?
There are many compounds and chemicals that can be added to a lotion base that can reduce and absorb exposure to UV rays, but the chemicals don’t just stop there.
Here is a list of lab created chemicals:
- Avobenzone†
- Bemotrizinol†
- Bisoctrizole
- Cinoxate
- Dioxybenzone
- Ensulizole
- Homosalate†
- Meradimate
- Methylisothiazolinone†
- Octinoxate†
- Octisalate†
- Octocrylene†
- Oxybenzone†
- Octyl Methoxycinnamate
- PABA aka 4-Aminobenzoic
- Padimate O
- Sulisobenzone
- Trolamine Salicylate
Are there any “organic” or mineral sunscreen formulations?
Yes, but these mineral formulations may not do your long term health any favors, either. These mineral formulations have not been tested for long term repeated exposure just as the chemicals above have also not. Here’s a list of these mineral formulations:
- Retinyl Palmitate† (a form of Vitamin A — can be naturally or artificially derived)
- Zinc Oxide
- Titanium Dioxide
What else is in sunscreen?
Some sunscreens contain fragrances and other skin conditioners and oils that help the lotion smooth onto the skin and feel nice. These additional non-UV absorbing inactive ingredients may also increase the problems of …
Skin Absorption: The Trouble with Sunscreen Chemicals
The biggest difficulty with slathering any type of lotion onto your body is that the chemicals placed into the lotion can and do get absorbed into your body. The skin is not solid holdout barrier. The skin is porous and allows any substances placed onto it to eventually be absorbed into the skin, some ingredients absorb faster than others. The smaller the particles in the lotion, the easier it is for the skin to absorb.
Because sunscreen chemicals are finely milled and/or lab created, these particles can be as small as 100 nanometers in size or possibly smaller. When the sizing of such particles reaches 100 nanometers or less, this size is well small enough to transmit through the skin into the bloodstream and even cross the blood brain barrier. By comparison, a human hair is between 80,000–100,000 nanometers in width. These sunscreen chemical particles are very, very small… way smaller than the size of a hair.
Because those minerals can show up in your sunscreen in two ways: in nano form (teeny tiny particles smaller than 100 nanometers), or non-nano form (particles bigger than 100 nanometers)… A particle that minute can penetrate cell walls, breach the blood-brain barrier, and slip into the lungs. And. The smaller the particle, the more it reacts to UV radiation, forming free radicals…
Basically, the smaller the particle, the more easily it is absorbed by the body and the more it interacts with UV light, breaking those particles down into potentially problematic and/or toxic components that can also be absorbed into the skin and into the body. Once a particle is small enough to slip into the bloodstream, all bets are off for long term safety. What this means is that once these particles are swimming in your veins, they can land and deposit anywhere…. in your lungs, in your brain, in your muscle tissues, in your liver… literally anywhere.
Even in 2020, the FDA readily admitted that sunscreen chemicals do absorb into the skin (based on prior AMA research). As the FDA always does, it stops short of stating that there’s a risk posed with skin absorption. However, the FDA’s lack of risk confirmation DOES NOT state that there’s NOT a risk. It simply means the FDA has chosen not to investigate whether there IS a risk. Here’s a quote from the FDA’s statement:
[T]he FDA’s newly-published research in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) provides much-needed additional information about the absorption of the active ingredients in sunscreens into the body’s bloodstream after they are applied to the skin. It’s an important follow-up study to prior research … that showed when certain sunscreens were used at their maximal recommended use … , their active ingredients were absorbed through the skin and into the body.
The findings in these studies do not mean that the FDA has concluded that any of the ingredients tested are unsafe for use in sunscreens, nor does the FDA seeking further information indicate such.
Internal Consumption
Because sunscreen chemicals are not intended to be consumed internally, there’s no way to know the long term safety risks posed once absorbed. It’s entirely possible that some of these chemicals, like many heavy metals, never leave the body. Some of these sunscreen chemicals can even cause hormone disruption. Some of these chemicals may also break down under UV light or via other mechanisms into more dangerous particles that can be absorbed and which can disrupt the human body function.
The sunscreen industry has, unfortunately, predicated its product safety assumptions entirely on the fact that its lotion products do not enter the body or the bloodstream. That assumption has now been proven wrong. While the sunscreen industry has a large number of studies describing how effective and efficacious its lotions are when applied to the skin when wanting to avoid and limit UV exposure, there is a complete dearth of studies on whether these sunscreen chemical formulations enter the bloodstream OR whether the absorption of these chemicals lead to future long term chronic diseases. Yet, we already understand (and it has even been proven) that these very small chemical molecule sizes are able to penetrate and traverse into the bloodstream?
After all, no product manufacturer wants to point out that its products are dangerous. By remaining completely silent on whether sunscreen products do long term damage to the body, these manufacturers can continue to state that they are perfectly safe… that is, until someone produces a study that proves they aren’t safe. So far, no independent researcher has yet been willing to step up and call out the sunscreen industry on this safety fact involving skin absorption.
For this reason, this is why hospitals like MD Anderson can write articles espousing the safety of such sunscreen chemicals. In part, they’re willing to do this because if people don’t use sunscreen, we also know that risk of UV exposure causes skin cancers. However, using sunscreens for their short term UV blocking benefits can easily trick the user into thinking their skin is safe and covered, when it is not. More on this below. The question remains…
Are we trading in a single solution for more health risks?
Skin exposure UV reduction = ???
This equation is the question that needs to be answered. While using sunscreen is a short term solution in helping reduce skin exposure levels to harmful UV, it also leaves the other side of the equals sign empty. The sunscreen industry doesn’t want you to know that the other side of the equals sign likely contains a whole passel of long term diseases down the road and years later in life, simply because you slathered on sunscreen nearly every single day. Then, much much later in life, ended up with cancer anyway much later… or maybe even a worse debilitating disease? Who really knows?
You may not even be able to correlate your disease to the use of sunscreen if the two happened more or less in isolation and years apart. That’s exactly what the sunscreen industry hopes.
Here’s a recent example of such a product correlation. The talcum powder industry purported its short term health benefits of drying and preventing chaffing when used every day. People believed that assumption. Because talcum powder does offer limited short term benefits, the long term health tradeoff came once we fully realized that many brands of talcum powder also contain asbestos. Asbestos is a carcinogen and when exposed over and over, it increases the likelihood of cancer wherever that asbestos is applied or inhaled.
One might want to argue that this talcum situation was considered a matter of product tainting. Unfortunately, this is not tainting of a product. When talcum powder is mined, inevitably it is found where asbestos deposits also exist. Inevitably, manufacturers had to accept that their talcum could be laced with asbestos simply because that’s how the mines produced talc. You might, again, argue that the manufacturer could remove the asbestos, but that’s almost impossible at talcum powder particle sizes. For the manufacturer to sell talcum powder, they had to accept that it also contained asbestos. Of course, some manufacturers also denied that asbestos fact simply so they could say their product was safe. Sound familiar? I digress.
As in the talcum example above, sunscreen is now in a similar position. The short term health benefits of sunscreen obviously include preventing UV exposure over a several hour period. In that time, you’re required to reapply sunscreen every 2 hours or less depending on factors. This means, incidentally, a frequent amount of exposure and re-exposure to sunscreen chemicals continuously throughout a day. If you’re doing this for days on end, those repeated exposure sessions may cause these small nano particles to build up in your bloodstream, on your skin and within your body to unknowingly wreak havok internally.
The more often you use sunscreen, the worse it’s likely to get. This means that for the short term benefit of reduction in UV, you are very likely trading your future long term health to gain those short term skin benefits. Because no studies have been produced involving long term exposure to sunscreen chemicals, we simply have no idea what diseases might lurk in our future. Is the sacrifice of potential long term health worth the risk simply to prevent UV exposure? Only you can answer this question.
For those future diseases, will it involve cancer? Will it be mesothelioma? Will it become other chronic pain and disease we haven’t yet encountered? We simply do not know what is ultimately on the other side of that equals sign. There is definitely something on the other side and it’s not going to be pleasant, rest assured. Aging already takes a toll on the body. There’s no need to compound aging by slathering chemicals all over the largest organ on your body and then think nothing will happen.
Sunscreen in Every Day Products
This entire absorption issue is even more compounded because many daily wear products, such as cosmetics, lip balms and even regular lotions include SPF chemicals in their formulations. For women wearing makeup, these SPF formulations might offer minimal UV production, such as level 4 or 10. They might not even be broad spectrum. The problem isn’t in the UV protection factor, but the fact that women wear foundations and other makeup daily.
Makeup products also tend to stay on the skin for way longer than an average sunscreen you might wear at the beach across a day or two. Women might even refresh their makeup throughout the day adding even more exposure to SPF chemicals.
Adding SPF to regular health and beauty products adds even more to the risk of long term toxicity with these sunscreen chemicals and incidental ingredients. Yet, the cosmetic and sunscreen industries have both embraced these chemicals as if they’re some kind of health saver… when, in fact, the long term problems with these chemicals are actually unknown. Why are they unknown? Because long term studies simply don’t exist. Simply search Google for the terms ‘long term sunscreen chemical studies‘ and you’ll see for yourself that none exist. If a study exists, Google will find it.
If you’re not planning on being out in the sun for no more than 15-30 minutes in a day, there’s no need to wear SPF chemicals at all. You’re exposing your body to chemicals all with effectively no short term benefit. The only reason to wear SPF is if you need to be out in the sun for longer than 30 minutes. Even if you have a sun allergy, it’s best to cover up with clothing rather than relying on sunscreens to do that work. Clothing is much more protective than sunscreen. Incidentally, sunscreen begins breaking down the moment you put it on your skin. Clothing doesn’t break down and works so long as your skin remains fully covered.
Mineral Sunscreen vs Chemical
At this point, you might be thinking that you can avoid the chemical use situation by using mineral sunscreens instead; sunscreens which include Titanium Dioxide or Zinc Oxide. Unfortunately, while these mineral formulations aren’t lab created in the same way as a chemical like Octyl Methoxycinnamate, there’s no way to know the long term problems in the bloodstream when using these minerals sunscreens either.
Minerals are needed for a healthy diet. However, consuming too many minerals can become toxic to the body. Slathering on these mineral sunscreens regularly and constantly, you could find your body having negative reactions over time; reactions that could range from allergies to diarrhea or even worse health conditions.
With repeated exposure to sunscreens over many years, it’s entirely possible that the constant irritation to the skin from these chemicals and minerals might even trigger skin conditions up to and including skin cancer. The problem, however, with sunscreens is that it’s far too easy to blame any skin cancer that you might get on UV exposure and not blame on the chemical formulation used in the sunscreen. That’s exactly how sunscreen manufacturers play this legal situation, too. It’s super easy for sunscreen manufacturers to blame the UV for your cancer, not THEIR chemicals. Be cautious.
Best Answers?
The best answer to the above use of sunscreen is to stay out of the sun. Unless you absolutely need to be in the sun for some purpose, don’t. If you do need to be in the sun, wear high SPF clothing, hats and coverups, and even SPF umbrellas if laying out. For skin portions that do need to be exposed, use sunscreen only on those parts. That might include portions of your face and your hands only. Less sunscreen used means less problems to worry about later.
Yes, I realize that summertime is hot and wearing lots of clothing makes it even hotter. The problem is, slathering on sunscreen is a risk every time you do it. Wearing coverup clothing lets you avoid wearing sunscreen.
Again, the only reason to even put on SPF is if you intended to be out in the sun for longer than 30 minutes. If you’re only outside for 10 minutes, putting SFP lotion on is not only a waste of time and lotion, it’s a waste because you won’t get burned in 10 minutes.
Having a Tan
A lot of cancer alarmists believe that tanning is the bane of being exposed to the sun. In fact, tanning is actually just the opposite. Having a tan is actually a natural sunscreen barrier that your body produces naturally to protect your skin, assuming that you can tan. Getting the tan is where the damage occurs. Having that tan is what protects you. The faster you can get that tan, the faster that that skin melanin can begin absorbing UV to protect help your skin. Having a tan means you can remain in the sun longer than without a tan. It’s just that getting this tan is what leads to skin damage. Unfortunately, there’s still no way to activate a tan for many people without having this damage.
For those with naturally dark skin, consider yourself lucky in this regard. For those with light skin and who rely on being exposed to sunlight to get a base tan, that’s when the damage happens most.
Because every person’s tan is slightly different in intensity, each person needs to understand how long they can stay out even with their specific tan.
Tanning and SPF
One thing that’s not really well discussed is that wearing SPF works against getting a tan. While a portion of the UV does filter through even the strongest sunscreen, the point in using an SPF 50, though is to halt the tanning process. If you think you’re getting tanned safely while wearing an SFP 50, think again. Since the SPF 50 stops the tanning process, you will not get a tan wearing SPF 50. Yet, even at SPF 50 and because it’s a sunscreen, meaning some UV is still getting through, you’re still at risk of skin damage even wearing SPF 50. It’s actually worse for you because you’re not tanning and the UV is slightly getting through the sunscreen barrier to damage your skin. Yes, much lower risk than without wearing any sunscreen at all, but still the risk is not zero.
If you have a tan and wear sunscreen, your tan combines with that sunscreen to block even more UV rays than without a tan. However, obtaining that tan is the risky problem because it incurs sun damage to get that tan.
Are Tanning Beds Safer?
Unfortunately, there is no truly safe way to get a tan; not by laying out in the sun and not by using a tanning bed. Both are equally damaging in the same exact ways. However, unlike sunlight, tanning beds offer timed exposure. In the sun, it’s impossible to gauge UV rays exactly and how many you’ve absorbed. However, tanning beds offer timed and limited exposure for the duration of a session. Because a timer allows for short amounts of UV exposure, it’s much much easier to build a gradual tan without burning or peeling. Sunburn is what needs to be avoided most as a sunburn is actual visible sun exposure skin damage. Sunbeds are typically set to a time just short of burning you, giving you enough rays to trigger tanning, but not enough to actually burn.
Sunbeds, unlike uncontrolled sunlight, offer slow and steady progress without the burning… as long as that UV exposure is limited correctly and handled professionally by the operator. For this reason, tanning beds do offer a better alternative when compared than laying out in direct sun. Laying out in sunlight is problematic for a lot of reasons, the least of which is not knowing how many rays you’ve absorbed. In cloudy outdoor conditions, it’s even trickier to gauge.
It’s very easy to be outdoors for excessively long periods and remain unaware of exactly how much UV exposure you’ve received. Sun skin exposure is tricky and easy to misjudge when outdoors. A burn doesn’t show up for between 3 and 6 hours after exposure… at which point the skin gets hot, turns red and the pain and swelling begins. Before that, you may think you did just fine outdoors.
The point is, by the time you realize you’ve been sunburned, it’s already too late. Tanning beds, however, don’t usually offer enough time on the clock to burn you. It is possible to get a burn from a sunbed under certain abuse conditions (back to back sessions and/or salon hopping), but a trained operator will be able to assess your skin tone and know how much time you need in a single session. They also shouldn’t allow back to back sessions unless you’re choosing to hop between multiple tanning salons in the same day or by also sitting outdoors after having used a tanning bed…. note that you shouldn’t ever do this!
When tanning in a tanning bed, don’t use SPF lotions at all. The point to tanning in a sunbed is to expose your skin to the UV in a time limited and controlled fashion. There is no need to wear SPF when in a tanning bed. If you wear SPF in a tanning bed, you have just thrown your money away. The light effectively bounced off of your SPF and did nothing to help you gain a base tan. A professional tanning bed operator will be able to properly assess your skin tone and set the sunbed timing appropriately each tanning bed session. Many salons may even offer less intense beds and more intense beds. They will choose which sunbed is correct for you. You can always get out of the tanning bed early and stop the session if you feel that your skin isn’t reacting correctly.
These points above are all pluses when using a tanning bed in a tanning salon. Even though tanning beds are not any more safe than sitting in sunlight in terms of skin damage and exposure, sunbeds at least offer timed and controlled exposure, something that’s difficult to do when outdoors.
SPF Safety
The primary takeaway from this article should be to avoid the use of SPF lotions formulated with chemicals when at all possible. Even the use of mineral sunscreen is not a perfect alternative, but these lotions may be somewhat overall better when used in moderation. You should also avoid using sunscreen when you are not planning to be outdoors for longer than 30 minutes. Instead, cover up with clothing.
Slathering SPF lotion over your whole body is way more of a problem than using it only on your hands, neck and face when wearing sufficient SPF clothing coverups elsewhere. The best overall solution to being outdoors is to coverup as much as possible and minimally use SPF only where absolutely needed. Stay outdoors only the minimum amount of time needed. Wash the SPF lotion off thoroughly the instant you get back inside.
This article intentionally does not include naming any specific SPF lotion brands as this author believes all SPF lotions are problematic. Because there are many SPF lotion sellers out there who want to hawk their products, I will leave it up to you to research which SPF lotions might be best choice for you and your family. However, know that any use of sunscreen chemicals may be one step closer to a future disease.
SPF Lotion Failure
One thing that few ever discuss is the primary failure point of sunscreen. Sunscreen has the uncanny knack at deceiving and tricking you into thinking you’re protected when you, in fact, aren’t. What is meant here is that because SPF lotions apply and dry invisibly, there’s no way to know how well you’ve applied the lotion or how effective that lotion is at protecting you or even if you’ve missed spots.
Worse, not all SPF lotions are created equal. Some lotions require thick application and some don’t. Some use higher quality ingredients, some don’t. Because of all of these variables in lotion manufacturing, in lotion quality and, indeed, even in how well you apply the lotion to your skin, you may think you’re better protected than you actually are.
Because it takes 3-6 hours before the telltale signs of sunburn begin to show, it’s way too late to do anything about it when the sunburn begins. You can only tend to the sunburn itself using other remedies. That bottle of SPF won’t do you any good after-the-fact.
The point is, no one is perfect at applying lotions when they apply and disappear invisibly. Inevitably and invariably with sunscreen, you’re going to miss one or more spots and burn there.
It gets worse. Because the lotions break down in the sun as the UV strikes the particles, the lotions become less and less effective over time. The effectiveness wanes not just because of UV, but also because of sweating, heat, swimming and wiping your skin off. The more you do outside, the faster the sunscreen wears off. That means reapplication frequently, perhaps even more frequently than the 2-4 hour reapplication guidelines. You might need to reapply as frequently as every 30 minutes.
Reapplication
Most articles state that SPF lotions need reapplication after every 2 hours because the effectiveness of the product begins to wane due to chemical UV exposure and chemical breakdown. The difficulty is, lotions contain separate blockers for both UVA protection and UVB protection using separate chemicals. This makes a lotion known as broad spectrum. The thing that isn’t mentioned is that UVA chemicals break down at a much faster rate than the chemicals used to block UVB. This author recalls reading an article describing the exact breakdown times between UVA and UVB chemicals, but was unable to find that article to cite when penning this article.
Still, that SPF chemical break down article included a chart illustrating that UVA chemicals do break down in as fast as 15-30 minutes compared to UVB chemicals which break down at around the 2 hour mark. While the UVB chemicals keep you from burning, after 15 minutes your skin is being exposed to as much as 50-75% more UVA than when you first applied it. After the 30 minute mark, your skin might be exposed to as much as 90% of the UVA rays… where UVB might still be blocking in the 95% range. What that means is that while your skin won’t burn, you’re still receiving critical UVA damage if you don’t reapply as frequently as every 15 minutes.
UVA chemicals are apparently more volatile when exposed to sunlight than UVB chemicals. At least, that was the gist of the aforementioned article. If this author can find that article again, this article will be updated to cite it.
What this all means is to keep your SPF blocking at maximum protection for both UVA and UVB, you will need to reapply more frequently than what is recommended, perhaps as frequently as every 15 minutes when outdoors between the hours of 10AM and 4PM and especially on high UV index days. Because UVA chemicals are way more sensitive and way more volatile, you’ll need to keep this in mind as you wear SPF.
Chemical Blockers as Oxidants
Because UV chemical blockers break down as UV rays hit them, it releases heat as a result and the chemicals may turn into free radicals. As a result, these free radicals may enter your system as oxidants. What this means is that as these oxidants leach into the bloodstream and into the body, your body will need to fight off these with antioxidants. Some lotions include antioxidants to help thwart the breakdown of these UV chemicals into oxidants to bind with and help prevent them from becoming a problem.
The problem is that these included antioxidants may not be effective at catching all of the oxidant breakdown of UVA and UVB chemicals as they age and get struck by UV rays.
What this all means is that oxidants leading into the bloodstream may end up causing disease or other chronic problems. The more you use SPF lotions, the more likely these problems are to come to exist.
SPF Lotion Quality
The final issue that needs to be addressed, at least in the United States, is that SPF lotions are loosely regulated; very loosely. What this means for you as a consumer is that when you pick up a tube, bottle or spray, you have no idea if what’s included will be effective. Because of the loose regulations, lotions can be as cheap and ineffective as not wearing anything, to very effective because they’re made by reputable, honest companies.
The point is, big name brands are usually safer SPF lotion purchases than heading to a dollar store and buying their random brand names you’ve never heard of. While those lotions might be fine, they might not be. Do you want to trust your skin or the skin of your child to an unknown brand?
It’s better to stick with large name brands when buying SPF lotion. These large companies have reputations that they must uphold. They can’t risk putting out garbage, ineffective products, unlike the brands that show up at dollar stores where there’s zero accountability involved. Sure, the FDA is supposed to be regulating these, but we know how well regulation works in these industries. Everything the government does is reactive. Meaning, they wait until a company offends, then they go after them after-the-fact. That means that garbage, fraudulent, mislabeled, misleading and ineffective products can hit store shelves. With SPF sunscreen, choose wisely by sticking with known reputable brands.
Behind the Times
One additional problem is that the United States lags way behind the curve on SPF technology advancements. While the rest of the world is way ahead of the United States for SPF lotion technology improvements, the United States now lags behind because of its slow barge, antiquated approach at approving new sunscreen components. That’s partially because the United States classes sunscreens as an over-the-counter drug.
The last time the Food and Drug Administration approved any new active ingredients for sunscreen that helped to block our skin from ultraviolet rays was 1999.
Conclusion
SPF lotions have in place in blocking UV rays. However, they are not a cure-all, nor do they reduce or eliminate sun damage or skin aging as a result of sun exposure. SPF lotions are there to reduce your chances for a sunburn and to reduce your chances of get deep level tissue damage which might lead to skin cancer. However, because these SPF lotions are suncreens and not full out sunblockers (as they are sometimes called), sunscreens (as any kind of screens do) allow limited amounts of light through.
These problems eventually become apparent because these chemicals break down as a result of UV exposure and may turn into free radicals and other harmful or toxic chemical by-products on the skin. Some of these nasty by-products as well as the chemicals themselves may leach into the blood stream and into the system to cause longer term systemic damage.
Because both the SPF industry and the FDA refuse to investigate the systemic damage from skin absorption, consumers are left with no answers on how safe these lotions are for long term use. What this means is that it is entirely possible that some or many of these chemicals might, in fact, cause not only direct skin cancer, they might enter the body and cause internal cancer of organs, tissues and other types of cancers. These chemicals might be precursors that aid or encourage diseases to appear in the presence of other oxidants present in the system.
Because these SPF chemicals have not been tested once ingested, there is no way to know what level of damage they can cause once inside the body.
The safest approach to practicing sun safety is to wear high SPF clothing instead of lotions. Cover up exposed surfaces as much as possible. Use minimal amounts of SPF on exposed surfaces like the face and hands, if not wearing gloves on the hands.
Because regulators fail to provide us with adequate information regarding long term safety, not wearing SPF lotion on your body is the safest choice for long term health. Use it sparingly and only as needed. If you’re heading out for 15-30 minutes, even in midday sun, you might not even need it. If you’re planning on driving for hours on the road in a vehicle, wearing clothing to cover up might or might not work. In cases like this one, wearing SPF while traveling might be the best choice.
When choosing an SPF lotion, the mineral varieties might be the best alternative over choosing the chemical versions. Unfortunately, the mineral versions typically leave a white cast on the skin surface. Honestly, I’d rather have a white cast on my skin than worry about the long term consequences of wearing Oxybenzone on my skin.
Keep in mind that when driving in a vehicle or if you’re behind glass, UVA makes it through glass surfaces. You’ll want to find the best UVA protection you can find when you’re behind glass either in an office or in a car. Note that UV rays make it through clouds and bounce off of the blue sky itself. You don’t need to be exposed directly to sunlight. Even bounced light from the outdoors gives UV exposure.
Circling back around to answer the original question posed, “Do sunscreen chemicals cause cancer?”, there is no way to determine if long term use of SPF chemicals may cause cancer. Why? Because no studies have been produced. The reality, though, is that with enough repeated exposure to the chemicals, it is entirely possible that these chemicals may be just toxic enough to cause cancer because of years of exposure. Once again, it is recommended to rely on clothing and coverups rather than on artificial chemicals to protect your skin to support long term health. Everyone needs to consider their health not only in the now, but also in the years to come.
You don’t want to reach your 50s, 60s and 70s (and beyond) with chronic problems related to the use of SPF chemicals you used earlier in life. It’s easy enough to avoid this problem early in life by using clothing as coverups instead.
Citations
For the chemicals listed and marked with a †, check out the article 11 Toxic Sunscreens to Avoid for more information on these specific chemicals. This cited article is well written and offers much information regarding these chemicals as well as other ingredients used in sunscreen formulations.
In addition to those links included within the article, here are some additional sites to visit:
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Investor Alert: Is Masterworks.io a scam?

Every once in a while, someone decides to sell shares in “something” new. Today, that something is Fine Art. Let’s explore the pitfalls of investing in this idea.
Investing in Art
Purchasing art has always been about buying a single piece of artwork outright. Meaning, you find a piece of art you like and you buy it. That means that piece of art is yours to display in any way you wish. This type of purchasing of art is (and remains) the most optimal way to purchase art. You buy it outright and you own the entire work in totality.
However, there are exceptions to the above. If you purchase a reproduction of an original work of art, this purchase offers much fewer rights to the buyer. Some rights that you forfeit when purchasing a reproduction include reproduction of that art. Meaning, you can display your purchase in any way you choose, but you cannot photograph it and/or sell photographs of that art. The reproduction rights remain with the original work’s owner. Only the person who owns the original artwork may reproduce the work in any way.
Mass Produced
You may be thinking, “But, mine is painted with real paint on real canvas”. That doesn’t matter. What matters is if the painting is the first and the original. Many painters reproduce their works using paint on canvas, many times over. Typically, these reproduction paintings are painted by employees (in a sort of paint-by-number situation), but is not always painted by the original artist. These are painters hired for the sole purpose of creating a copy of the original. These reproduction paintings are sold typically at a fraction of the original art’s cost. These reproductions rarely become valuable simply because of the total number produced. It’s the same reason why many mass produced items rarely go up in value.
Because the original was painted by the actual artist, this original painting is the one that holds value. That’s not to say that every original painting by every artist will increase in value. Many do not. It depends on the artist, the artwork and that artist’s contribution to the art world. Perhaps in time that artist might be seen in some kind of historical light, thus propelling their artwork values upward.
Because an original art piece might spawn many “authorized” copies, copies that could become very popular in sales, that makes the original work much more valuable. For example, an original Thomas Kinkade painting would be worth far more than one of its many reproductions. That doesn’t mean reproductions can’t increase in value, but they will never be valued the same as the original first painting.
Masterworks.io
Masterworks takes the idea of Fine Art to an “investment” level. By that I mean instead of owning the actual painting / art piece in full, you only own a “share” (or small portion) of the art. In reality, this type of investing is an abstract concept. At the moment, Masterworks appears to focus solely on paintings. You might be wondering, “How does owning a small piece of a whole actually work?”
The short answer to this question is that it doesn’t. Investing in a tiny piece of a valuable work of art doesn’t do anything but ultimately make Masterworks as a company rich. You, in fact, don’t own anything but the knowledge that you “might” own a small piece of a work of art. You also own the knowledge that that investment might, maybe return value IF the painting is (eventually or ever) sold at a profit. In essence, you’re essentially placing a long shot bet that eventually that painting might be sold for a profit.
Let’s understand some of the problems with this idea.
Where is that painting?
Good question. If you’re buying into an investment object, you definitely want / need to know exactly where that “object” is physically located in the world. If you invest in a company, for example, you know where their headquarters are. You know who their executives are. You know their physical address and phone number. You can call and talk to someone. You can even find out their sales plans, the products or services the company sells and how much they make in revenue per quarter. Keep in mind that some private companies may be unwilling to disclose their sales numbers. With public companies, that company’s revenues are public knowledge.
Buying into a Masterworks painting, on the other hand, you don’t know exactly where it is. You don’t know under what conditions it’s being stored. You don’t know who currently has possession of it. Masterworks can “assure” you that that item is safe… but is it? Paintings are particularly susceptible to deterioration if not kept under the strictest of environmental controls. Artwork is also susceptible to theft. Both of these issues are difficult to manage at the best of times.
One might think that paying to invest in small bit of a painting might help protect it from being lost to time. It’s a lofty ideal. It’s, unfortunately, an ideal that when considering the underlying logistics of it all, make the investment seem highly risky. It’s also an ideal that may not hold true.
An investor should always ask, “Who owns the original work?” You must also consider the following:
- Is Masterworks attempting to sell shares in art they don’t legally own?
- Is Masterworks actually in possession of the art they claim to have bought?
- Did Masterworks actually buy the painting or is it under some kind of “lease”?
- Is the art being stored in correct conditions?
Who knows for sure? These are all very good questions. They’re also questions that should greatly concern you when considering “investing” in art through Masterworks.
Paintings as Investments
Art is entirely subjective to every person, but it is also highly volatile in its salability. What I mean is that paintings, particularly abstract paintings, go through ebbs and flows, waxing and waning in popularity and, yes, value. What might seem like an excellent painting today may be seen as outdated and worthless next year. Art’s value comes and goes, sometimes as a result of changing style trends. Painting values are, as I’ve said above, highly volatile. Way more volatile than investing in company stocks, bonds or even precious metals.
Sure, this investment type is yet another “thing” you can put some money into as part of your larger investment portfolio and hope to see a return on investment, but it may not return anything. The problematic issue with this concept is, can Masterworks be trusted or are they simply another Bernie Madoff? This is the ultimate question.
Novel Concept, Poorly Realized
The idea of share investing in art is definitely novel, even Masterworks states as much. However, is it realistic?
First, there’s the idea that you only own a tiny fraction of a painting. How does that work anyway? Are they planning on cutting up the piece of art if the art price bottoms out and there’s nothing left to pay you back your investment? Clearly, no. They’re simply going to tell you that you’re out your money and they STILL get to keep that art even if it’s worthless. Not only do you NOT get the art after investing, you don’t get your investment back if the painting is sold at a loss.
Second, there’s the logistics of where this art is stored. You have no idea as an investor. Unless Masterworks intends to spend boatloads to create a location to store all of this art under perfect archival environmental conditions (highly unlikely) AND they can prove that fact to investors, the art is then completely open to deterioration, decay and possibly destruction or even theft. Some art, in fact, may be produced using non-archival media. This means that no matter how well a piece of art is stored, it may still slowly (or quickly) deteriorate to the point of no longer even being art (or saleable) even within a few months. You can’t stop deterioration, which actually makes some art less valuable every day that passes.
Third, who actually owns (and holds) that art? Are art owners selling the full piece of art, selling it under consignment or are they selling only the concept of ownership as shares, so then Masterworks then manages that “concept trust”? If Masterworks is selling shares in works of art they do not rightfully own and possess, that is very close to a Ponzi scheme. It may also be very illegal. That’s like someone claiming to sell you the Brooklyn Bridge. Sure, anyone can claim to sell it, but they do not own it. They do not even own a piece of it. Giving money to someone claiming to sell you the Brooklyn Bridge is, thus, the very definition of a scam and fraud. With Masterworks, be very careful.
Masterworks needs to also be very careful in what they are doing, making sure their ‘i’s are all dotted and their ‘T’s are all crossed.. Here’s what Masterworks has to say about their own model and art investing:
‣ We have a novel and unproven business model.
https://www.masterworks.io/
‣ Masterworks issuers do not expect to generate revenue, so investors will only recognize a return on their investment if the painting is eventually sold at a profit
‣ No market exists for the shares and paintings are highly illiquid, so you must be prepared to hold your investment for an indefinite period.
‣ Each Issuer owns a single painting and this lack of diversification magnifies risk.
‣ Your ability to trade or sell your shares is highly uncertain.
‣ Paintings may be sold at a loss.
‣ Costs will diminish returns.
‣ Investing in art is subject to numerous risks, including (i) claims with respect to authenticity or provenance, (ii) physical damage, (iii) legal challenges to ownership, (iv) market risks, (v) economic risks and (vi) fraud.
‣ Issuers are totally reliant on Masterworks.
‣ Masterworks has potential conflicts of interest.
‣ Timing of sale of a painting is uncertain.

None of the above (or even their web site) describes how or where the art is actually stored or maintained. It almost solely discusses the risks of investing. The fact that Masterworks also finds the need to call out that purchased shares are “illiquid” says a great deal here. This word means that there are few participants, thus low volume, which ultimately means a very low chance of ever being able to sell out of purchased shares.
Consider stocks and bonds. You can likely sell out of any of these positions in about a day. With Masterworks investments, the low volume and few participants means once you invest, you’re likely stuck holding onto that investment until the painting either sells (at a loss or profit) or fails to sell at all. Masterworks doesn’t really state what happens if you can’t sell your position with a painting that never sells. I guess you’re ultimately out your investment money.
Art Storage
As with any artwork and has been stated above, it’s important to understand how and where the art is stored and who actually owns the art. None of this is explicitly stated on Masterworks’s site. I’m actually taken aback by the fact that for all the deluge of investing information provided, there’s equivalently a severe lack of information regarding the artwork itself, where it’s stored, how it’s managed or who owns it while it’s being held for shares. That’s a big, nay HUGE, problem in my book.
However, Masterworks does say this…

What this ultimately says is that Masterworks locates and purchases art. It doesn’t exactly state what “purchase the work” actually means. Are they taking possession of the work or are they leaving it at the gallery where they found it to remain on sale? They do claim to hold a work of art for 3-10 years. I’m uncertain how this works exactly considering the second half of that “OR” statement. Only questions, few answers.
As I said, for as much information as there is about risk of investing, there’s equally as little about the actual artwork itself… which is huge red flag 🚩.
Any business straddling both the art world and the finance world should be, at once, both engaged in explaining how and where the art is to be stored and handled, but also able to explain the risks of investing. Clearly, Masterworks is only interested in documenting half of this equation.
Volume Investing
Masterworks hopes that as more people jump on board with their share idea and begin investing, a larger and higher volume share marketplace will eventually emerge to allow for easier share trading. At this moment, however, Masterworks has stated that any position you buy is likely to be “illiquid”, thus implying that this is a new market with limited options for selling shares.
In other words, if you invest $100 into a painting and gain 2 shares, those shares in that painting are most likely to remain yours until the painting sells at a profit or a loss. The question is, though, even if the painting sells, does Masterworks have the painting to sell? I’m still skeptical.
Art Galleries
Masterworks, as a company, needs to be a whole lot more forthcoming about all aspects of its business operations, especially surrounding where, how and who stores the art after it’s purchased.
What Masterworks should have planned for is purchasing a number of galleries around the United States (or around the World) to support their business model. Instead of simply attempting to sell the investment share idea, they should have worked this idea full circle.

Here’s where things get a little dicey for Masterworks. Instead of creating a complete sales cycle (or sales funnel as some might call also it), they leave out one very important piece: Galleries. Clearly, they have Acquisition, Investments and Sales. Though, questions about Masterworks’s acquisition process remains, primarily because they don’t have galleries.
To really make this business model complete, Masterworks needs to own and operate its own set of galleries. Why galleries? Owning galleries sets a tone that you know how to properly store and manage expensive artwork in addition to offering a place to actually sell it properly. Though, paintings can be sold through auction houses as well. Masterworks is attempting to sell art for millions of dollars, yet Masterworks doesn’t really state where, or more specifically how, that artwork is managed and stored. It’s an important and necessary piece that’s conveniently missing.
Owning galleries keeps Masterworks honest and allows for auditing. If there is a gallery where a specific investment work lives, investors can visit the gallery and physically see the art they have invested in. This verifies that the artwork exists, that it is genuine (not faked), that it’s in Masterworks’s possession and that it can be verified. Without this piece, verification of the actual art remains an open question. Images on a web site do not verify that anything is genuine. Talking to someone on the phone doesn’t verify authenticity either. Only physically seeing the artwork in person can an investor verify the painting and, thus, verify that their investment is backed by something real.
Questions without Answers
That leaves too many open questions. Questions like, “What exactly am I investing in?” Like, “Where is the artwork stored?” Questions like, “Is the artwork properly stored for a long sales wait?” Like, “Is the artwork in the possession of Masterworks directly?” All of these questions could be easily resolved if Masterworks owns and operates a set of galleries… or at least a showroom at the bare minimum.
Additionally, with Masterworks ownership of galleries, this means you, as an investor, can physically go see the art you’ve invested in. You can see if it’s as it appears in the images. You can see it on exhibit, or at least it can be brought out for a viewing. You can see that it’s being kept and stored in appropriate environmental conditions.
There are so many questions surrounding the art itself, there is absolutely no way I would recommend anyone to invest in Masterworks… unless you absolutely like throwing money away on odd “investment” strategies. Knowing where that art is, how it’s being stored and if it’s being stored appropriately combined with knowing you’re able to view the actual art is extremely important BEFORE investing any money in a share of a painting.
Ponzi Scheme?
While I previously made reference to Bernie Madoff and his ponzi scheme, that statement isn’t intended to suggest that Masterworks runs a Ponzi scheme or that it intends to make off with your money. However, because of so many lingering questions, this business model seems unnecessarily risky… especially not knowing the answer to far too many questions surrounding the paintings.
Additionally, because of the volatility in art sales, as an investor, you must fully trust and be reliant on Masterworks buyers and appraisers to locate “valuable art” that might sell for some amount of money higher than what was paid. However, you’ve no idea if the art they’ve selected will actually sell at all. Because art is so subjective, what a few like, too many others may hate.
It also means betting that some nebulous “whale” will come along and snap up that piece of art (for millions) you just so happen to have invested in. That isn’t likely to happen often. Unless the art is of great historical value (i.e., Leonardo DaVinci or Michaelangelo or even more recent artists like Mark Rothko, Roy Lichtenstein or Marcel Duchamp), art produced by artists living and working today might fetch random amounts, but perhaps not millions. There’s just no way to know what any piece of art might fetch when produced by today’s artists. It’s all a calculated, but a seriously risky best guess.
Unfair to Artists
One thing Masterworks also seems to be attempting is to force art to be sold at far higher prices than it’s actually worth. This is what many collectors attempt to do, usually via auction. That is, Masterworks appears to intend to artificially inflate art prices to make better returns on shareholder investments. The difficulty is that this artificial inflation (nor does the sale itself) benefit the artist at all.
Where Masterworks might “buy” a work for $70,000 from an artist via a gallery, they may attempt to turn it for $1.3 million. That nets a huge profit for Masterworks and a lesser amount for shareholders in that work. However, for the artist, $70k is all they have received. The artist is not fairly compensated from a Masterworks sale.
One might argue that aftermarket sales of art never has benefited the artist. Yes, but here’s a business model that could arguably help bring artists into the fold by making sales on behalf of the artist. This goes hand-in-hand in owning galleries. Instead, it seems Masterworks has chosen an aftermarket sales model that excludes the artist. A model that only makes money for investors and Masterworks, but not for the artist. Intentionally leaving the artist out of this process is entirely greedy and unfair to the artist.
Artists Deserve Compensation
One might think that $70,000 is a lot of money for the sale of a painting. It is. But, it is nowhere near the amount that the artist could have netted if they had sold it for $1.3 million.
Artists shouldn’t be required to invest in their own paintings with Masterworks just to net more profit on an aftermarket sale. Instead, Masterworks should work directly with artists to list the work and then compensate the artist for at least 50% of the sale, either directly or by issuing a 50% ownership stake in the art via shares. The rest of the profits should go to paying out shareholders. This model would not only fairly compensate every artist, but it also fairly compensates the shareholders and Masterworks itself.
Artists are always the one who seem to get the shaft. This problem has existed for many, many years. Masterworks can modify their business model to make sales that directly benefit the artist while also properly compensating shareholders and turning a nice profit for Masterworks. Instead, it seems they have ignored this aspect only to make their sales benefit mostly Masterworks executives the most, leaving out the artist.
Artists vs Corporations
If you’re of the mindset that you would like to see artists fairly compensated for their work, skip these risky investment schemes and buy directly from an artist. If you buy directly from an artist, you are helping that artist, not some random corporate executives operating a more or less faceless and questionable company. If you’re willing to shell out $20 to see a movie actor perform, then why wouldn’t you be willing to pay an artist for the artwork they produce?
Not only can you carry pride in the fact that you purchased art directly from the artist, you also own an original work of art in full, not solely just a share in a work of art that you’ll never see. You can also hold pride in knowing that you have helped the artist produce even more work. Buying art from Masterworks does not, in any way, encourage artists to continue to their craft. In fact, the pittance that the artist might receive in the first sale may be barely enough to cover the time and effort put into producing that painting let alone help them produce future paintings. Art supplies are expensive.
Art Valuation and Secondary Market
Let’s talk about the investing and trading pieces. Masterworks operates a secondary market where shares can be traded. Unlike Wall Street stocks where a stock’s value is based on such fluctuating data points as company profits, company revenue, investor calls, product sales and announcements, analyst recommendations, investor confidence and volume of trading, paintings have no such intrinsic back end data points (other than perhaps trading volume… and even that is drummed up via this questionable investment scheme).
Art valuation is entirely subjective, made solely by a random person appraising its value. What that means is that if you invest in a work that claims to have a $30 “share price”, you’re at the mercy of an appraiser to raise or lower this price. Bid and ask sale prices might influence pricing some, but the pricing seen on the secondary market site is mostly “best guess”. There’s nothing behind that painting to “prop up” its changing value. There are no profit margins, no new product announcements, no analyst calls, no company books to review, nothing. It’s a painting. That’s it. Paintings don’t randomly change value UNLESS they are sold. Anything else purported is a dubious scheme.
Investing in a painting with a fluctuating value is a false equivalence to stock. There’s nothing there to change the value of the share in a painting, yet it seems that the values do change. Why? The painting hasn’t yet sold, so it makes zero sense. As I said, there’s nothing in any painting to justify changes in the share price until AFTER it’s sold. Once a painting has been sold, then the share price will change to reflect the sale price of the painting.
If Masterworks intends to see a painting’s share price fluctuate daily, like stocks, then there’s something seedy, dubious and awry going on. It’s also something that you as an investor need to understand before investing a cent. Intraday changes in painting’s share price prior to a sale is extremely dubious.
One might argue that there are a limited number of shares in the painting. That each share sold makes every share more valuable. I might be willing to accept that argument except a painting can be arbitrarily divided 100 times, 1,000 times or even 1 million times. When does that share division end? You can’t really divide a painting up like that. If you’re going to apply a random investment concept, such as a share, onto a painting, then any division into shares is entirely arbitrary and disconnected and holds effectively a fractional value tied to the current “worth” of the painting. Ultimately, there’s only one (1) painting. Therefore, there should only be one (1) share. When you buy that one (1) share, you buy the painting.
Having this sub-construct of many shares which are separate from the “painting as a single commodity” is not only an odd concept to apply to a physical object, it might be seen as a form of Ponzi scheme. These “shares” are actually an abstract idea applied to a single physical object which cannot be subdivided physically. So, how exactly does this abstract division concept work? That’s exactly what Masterworks is attempting to find out. It’s also why the Masterworks business model is unproven.
Overall
I can’t recommend investing “shares” in paintings via Masterworks for reasons already outlined above. However, let me summarize these points:
- Proper art storage isn’t explained (very high risk)
- Returns on investment isn’t fully explained (high risk)
- Paintings aren’t guaranteed to sell (high risk)
- No sales benefits given to the artist (problematic)
- No galleries to physically view or confirm ownership (exceedingly high risk)
- Art prices are highly volatile (high risk)
- Art sales are solely dependent on subjective criteria (overly risky)
- Art values are solely dependent on Masterworks “appraisers” (highly risky, requires high trust)
- Intraday changes in share prices are nonsensical prior to the painting being sold (dubious)
- Must trust Masterworks for both valuation and truth (overly risky)
- Must trust Masterworks that they actually own and possess the art (exceedingly risky)
- Secondary market attempts to treat shares in a painting like stocks (exceedingly risky & dubious)
Without seeing the painting physically, as an investor, you have no idea if Masterworks truly has that painting in their possession. It’s easy to take a picture and put it on a web site, making claims that they own and possess the work. This then tricks the investor into a purchase. Then, you hold and hold and hold and the painting never sells. In fact, you could come to find they don’t even own the original art. You might find that they’re selling something they don’t even have possession of.
While Masterworks may own some of the work they claim to own, there’s literally no way for an investor to confirm that every piece of art listed is actually in the possession of Masterworks. This problem is exacerbated mainly because Masterworks operate no galleries.
For this reason, Masterworks could be selling you shares in a work that they do not, in fact, own or possess. That’s effectively a form of fraud.
Masterworks would do best to modify their business model to offer a process that can prove they physically own the paintings they claim to own. The only way this is really possible is if they open and operate at least one Masterworks gallery somewhere so shareholders can visit and request a viewing of the art they’ve invested in. This is effectively an audit system which holds Masterworks accountable to all shareholders. Without this change in their business model, investing in any work that Masterwork claims to own is unnecessarily risky. To anyone willing to give money to this company, I say, “caveat emptor!” Let the buyer beware.
Without such basic investor auditing responsibilities, I strongly recommend staying away from this novel, but highly problematic investing concept and stay away from Masterworks as a corporation. That’s not to say this concept can’t be revised to be more functional, but at the moment this concept is just not there. This concept forces an over-burdensome amount of trust and risk onto the investor and off of Masterworks, while leaving too many unregulated, unauditable and manipulable pieces in the hands of Masterworks executives.
Bottom Line: If an employee at Masterworks wished to game the Masterworks system, the lack of proper auditing over this concept would allow any executive far too easy access to game it… thus losing investments from investors and truly turning this into a huge fraud scheme.
Business Concept: B
Business Execution: F+
Scam Risk Level: Exceedingly High, Stay Away
Recommendation: Don’t Invest in Masterworks
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